중남미

The Paraguayan War lasted over 5 years, from 11 November 1864 to 1 March 1870. In March 1865, Paraguay declared war on Argentina, and ,on 1 May 1865, The Brazilian, Argentine and Uruguayan governments signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. At the war’s beginning, 3 nations were not prepared militarily, but as the years passed, the Triple Alliance's forces grew. And after several battles, Triple Alliance defeated the paraguayan army. The war's consequences were tragic. Perhaps as many as 20 percent of the pre-war population of some 300,000 perished as a result of military action, famine, disease and a devastating brazilian occupation. And the two major powers, Argentina and Brazil, consolidated its position in the Rio de La Plata river network. The war also had a profound effect on politics within Brazil. Beginning in the 1870s, a series of crisis began to emerge. They included the republican movement and the friction between the imperial government and the army and church. On top of this, the resolution of the problem of slavery weakened the relationship between the state and the basis of support. The greatest consequence of the war was the army's emergence as an institution. In 1887, officers had founded the Military Club to defend their rights. Deodoro da Fonseca was elected president. The first conflict was with the church. When the Pope pronounced a ban upon Maçonaria in 1865, D. Pedro II refused to have encyclical published in Brazil. There was another conflict over the army. D. Pedro II was determined to curb its political activities. Meanwhile, sentiment for a republic increased. The Positivism of Auguste Comte influenced the brazilian army. In 1870 the publican movement was formally launched with a newspaper "A República", publishing its first issue a Manifesto Republicano. Abolition of slavery in 1888 finally brought an end to the Brazilian Empire. The church no longer supported the empire; the fazendeiros, ruined by abolition, turned against D. Pedro II; Liberals demanded a Public. The army completely settled the question. On November 15 in 1889, a military revolt organized and headed by Deodoro da Fonseca declared Brazil a Republic. A few days later D. Pedro II and the royal family went off into exile.