An economic census is a complete enumeration of a population at a point in time with respect to well-defined characteristics. The structure of the Bhutanese economy has changed rapidly over the past few decades. The current and the future economic census shall enable the government to measure the changing pattern and structure of the Bhutanese economy. The challenges in good data points for compilation of the national accounts motivated the National Statistics Bureau (NSB) to look for alternatives to support and validate the existing data sources for the compilation of the national accounts. The NSB conducted the first economic census of Bhutan from December 2018 to February 2019 with the technical and financial support of the World Bank. This first economic census report contains seven chapters. The introductory chapter aims at providing the general context of conducting the economic census in Bhutan, including the objectives of the census and its scope and coverage. Chapter 2 gives a description of the methodological and operational procedures implemented in the census, to offer readers and census users a better understanding of how the census results have been obtained and how they should be interpreted. Chapters 3–7 cover the subject matter of the census.