연구정보
[보건] Clinical Trials Landscape in a Lower-middle-income Country
파키스탄 국외연구자료 연구보고서 - Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 발간일 : 2024-01-01 등록일 : 2024-01-19 원문링크
In recent times, there have been calls from
within the developing nations for increased ownership by governmental research
bodies and universities of the priority research setting and research that
aligns with national health strategies. This is a review paper of the studies
that have been published on clinical trials in developing countries, with a
focus mainly on Pakistan. The literature review used online databases such as
PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, World Health Organization (WHO)
International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and ClinicalTrials.gov
trial registries to search for clinical trials conducted in Pakistan between
January 2000 and December 2022 and analyzed. The results revealed that clinical
research in Pakistan is hindered by a number of barriers, including a lack of
funding, skilled personnel, and regulatory issues. Lack of funding is a common
obstacle, and the majority of funding for clinical trials originates from
Western countries or pharmaceutical companies established in the West. In
conclusion, clinical studies in developing countries, especially in Pakistan,
are hindered by a plethora of barriers, and to improve the current state,
increasing funding, streamlining ethical approval procedures, simplifying
regulatory systems, addressing cultural and religious concerns, and
participating in global efforts to bridge the gap in health-based research are
crucial.
Cooperation on research and innovation is a
cross-cutting and integral part of the EU-India Strategic Partnership as
reflected in the Roadmap 2025, which includes some 20 actions on research and
innovation. Europe’s Global Approach to research and innovation foresees
stepping up cooperation with India to address together global challenges and
support India’s sustainable modernisation process. The relaunch of the free
trade negotiations (FTA), the Investment Protection Agreement (IPA), the
Agreement on Geographic Indications (GIA) and the implementation of the
connectivity partnership, all show strong momentum in the EU-India Strategic
Partnership and mirror India’s economic achievements and ambitions. The Trade
and Technology Council (TTC) with India launched in 2023 is the latest and
strongest demonstration of our political will to step up our engagement with
India. The TTC consists of three Working Groups. Working Group 2 relating to
Green and Clean Energy with a focus on research and innovation cooperation,
standards and investments, aims at facilitating trade in these technologies. DG
Research and Innovation co-chairs Working Group 2 together with the Principal
Scientific Advisor Office of India.
The year 2023 witnessed India hosting its
first G20 Summit. The success of its G20 Summit also saw India democratising
foreign policy amongst its general populace, with over 200 satellite events as
part of the G20, organised in several parts of the country. As India marches
towards 2047—100 years of political independence—it is interesting to note how
India has enhanced its reputational security in a complex and competitive
geopolitical environment.
2023 was a transitional year for Sri Lanka
as it continued to recover from its worst economic crisis since independence.
While the previous year’s mass Aragalaya (“struggle” in Sinhalese) protests in
response to the crisis kicked out the previous government, many economic and
political realities remained the same. Sri Lanka continued to attempt to
balance relationships with regional heavyweights China and India amid
intensified geopolitical competition in its neighborhood. At home, a newly
installed government led by Ranil Wickremesinghe resorted to familiar
authoritarian and anti-democratic practices to quell dissent, especially
against minority populations. With presidential elections set to take place in
2024, Sri Lanka is at an important crossroads in its economic and political
future. It must decide between implementing politically convenient band-aid
solutions or resolving the structural problems that predate its crisis.
Afghanistan is China's neighbor and with
its location in the south of Asia, it is important for global players including
China. Afghanistan participates with Pakistan in the initiative-way project.
The main question of this article is that what are China's goals through the
Belt and Road initiative through Afghanistan? This article explains the goals
and actions of world powers and especially China in the political scene with
the descriptive-analytical method and using the theoretical approaches of
balancing, the international regimes and the interdependence theories. Afghanistan
has paid attention to the role of foreign radio media in reflecting this issue.
Based on the results, the improvement of the economic situation of the troubled
Xinjiang region in the northwest of China, the stabilization of China's
economic and commercial position in Central Asia, the development of China's
economic influence in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the revival of its
traditional position is vital. China is on the Silk Road in the framework of a
wide land and sea corridor. With West Asia and Europe, it is considered among
the motivations and reasons for the formation of China's plan. Also, due to the
competition with the big powers, China wants to minimize their role in
Afghanistan and reach a balance of power with them. Therefore, the percentage
of Afghanistan's confidence has come and the request for this plan is from
Afghanistan
Like many island nations in Asia, the
Maldives is busy grappling with the best way to advance its economic and
national security interests in a region where geopolitical tensions between
larger Asia-Pacific nations like China, India, and the United States continue
to rise.
Fossil fuels will still dominate energy in
twenty years despite green power rising. The aim of the study is to analyze the
factor substitution, emission mitigation, and technological progress among
energy and non-energy inputs in Pakistan. The trans-log production method is
employed to analyze the viability of energy substitution and then measure the
CO2 emission reduction possibility that comes from such adoption. The results
suggest the following: (1) the influence of renewable energy and nonrenewable
energy on economic growth is optimistic and is increasing return to scale.
However, it has the potential to contribute a 7% growth-share if capital investment
is doubled beyond the present levels. (2) Output elasticity between renewable
and nonrenewable energy factors is elastic and, on average, is estimated by
0.096 and 1.007. (3) Energy substitution is possible with an average of 0.852,
which presents that Pakistan has the capability of moving from nonrenewable
energy to renewable energy. (4) Two investment scenarios show significant
results and suggest that nonrenewable energy substitution for renewable energy
has the potential to lessen CO2 emissions without reducing the economy.
Finally, energy substitution is possible from technical perspectives and inputs
show strong convergence differences in technical progress. Comprehensive
capital growth, technological progress, and low-carbon technological efforts
can be a better fit for attaining carbon-reduction and sustainable economic
growth.
Since Bangladesh’s independence in 1971,
the country has undergone a notable economic transformation, transitioning from
one of the world's poorest nations to one of the fastest-growing economies.
Despite the country's positive performance in development metrics like the
Human Development Index (HDI) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the
external macroeconomic shocks stemming from the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine
conflict have been detrimental to the nation's financial vulnerabilities. In
the face of the challenges posed by the pandemic in 2020, Bangladesh managed to
achieve a positive growth rate of 3.4 percent, out-performing many developing
countries and garnering accolades for the ruling dispensation.
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