In recent times, there have been calls from within the developing nations for increased ownership by governmental research bodies and universities of the priority research setting and research that aligns with national health strategies. This is a review paper of the studies that have been published on clinical trials in developing countries, with a focus mainly on Pakistan. The literature review used online databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and ClinicalTrials.gov trial registries to search for clinical trials conducted in Pakistan between January 2000 and December 2022 and analyzed. The results revealed that clinical research in Pakistan is hindered by a number of barriers, including a lack of funding, skilled personnel, and regulatory issues. Lack of funding is a common obstacle, and the majority of funding for clinical trials originates from Western countries or pharmaceutical companies established in the West. In conclusion, clinical studies in developing countries, especially in Pakistan, are hindered by a plethora of barriers, and to improve the current state, increasing funding, streamlining ethical approval procedures, simplifying regulatory systems, addressing cultural and religious concerns, and participating in global efforts to bridge the gap in health-based research are crucial.

Cooperation on research and innovation is a cross-cutting and integral part of the EU-India Strategic Partnership as reflected in the Roadmap 2025, which includes some 20 actions on research and innovation. Europe’s Global Approach to research and innovation foresees stepping up cooperation with India to address together global challenges and support India’s sustainable modernisation process. The relaunch of the free trade negotiations (FTA), the Investment Protection Agreement (IPA), the Agreement on Geographic Indications (GIA) and the implementation of the connectivity partnership, all show strong momentum in the EU-India Strategic Partnership and mirror India’s economic achievements and ambitions. The Trade and Technology Council (TTC) with India launched in 2023 is the latest and strongest demonstration of our political will to step up our engagement with India. The TTC consists of three Working Groups. Working Group 2 relating to Green and Clean Energy with a focus on research and innovation cooperation, standards and investments, aims at facilitating trade in these technologies. DG Research and Innovation co-chairs Working Group 2 together with the Principal Scientific Advisor Office of India.

The year 2023 witnessed India hosting its first G20 Summit. The success of its G20 Summit also saw India democratising foreign policy amongst its general populace, with over 200 satellite events as part of the G20, organised in several parts of the country. As India marches towards 2047—100 years of political independence—it is interesting to note how India has enhanced its reputational security in a complex and competitive geopolitical environment.

2023 was a transitional year for Sri Lanka as it continued to recover from its worst economic crisis since independence. While the previous year’s mass Aragalaya (“struggle” in Sinhalese) protests in response to the crisis kicked out the previous government, many economic and political realities remained the same. Sri Lanka continued to attempt to balance relationships with regional heavyweights China and India amid intensified geopolitical competition in its neighborhood. At home, a newly installed government led by Ranil Wickremesinghe resorted to familiar authoritarian and anti-democratic practices to quell dissent, especially against minority populations. With presidential elections set to take place in 2024, Sri Lanka is at an important crossroads in its economic and political future. It must decide between implementing politically convenient band-aid solutions or resolving the structural problems that predate its crisis.

Afghanistan is China's neighbor and with its location in the south of Asia, it is important for global players including China. Afghanistan participates with Pakistan in the initiative-way project. The main question of this article is that what are China's goals through the Belt and Road initiative through Afghanistan? This article explains the goals and actions of world powers and especially China in the political scene with the descriptive-analytical method and using the theoretical approaches of balancing, the international regimes and the interdependence theories. Afghanistan has paid attention to the role of foreign radio media in reflecting this issue. Based on the results, the improvement of the economic situation of the troubled Xinjiang region in the northwest of China, the stabilization of China's economic and commercial position in Central Asia, the development of China's economic influence in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the revival of its traditional position is vital. China is on the Silk Road in the framework of a wide land and sea corridor. With West Asia and Europe, it is considered among the motivations and reasons for the formation of China's plan. Also, due to the competition with the big powers, China wants to minimize their role in Afghanistan and reach a balance of power with them. Therefore, the percentage of Afghanistan's confidence has come and the request for this plan is from Afghanistan

Like many island nations in Asia, the Maldives is busy grappling with the best way to advance its economic and national security interests in a region where geopolitical tensions between larger Asia-Pacific nations like China, India, and the United States continue to rise.

Fossil fuels will still dominate energy in twenty years despite green power rising. The aim of the study is to analyze the factor substitution, emission mitigation, and technological progress among energy and non-energy inputs in Pakistan. The trans-log production method is employed to analyze the viability of energy substitution and then measure the CO2 emission reduction possibility that comes from such adoption. The results suggest the following: (1) the influence of renewable energy and nonrenewable energy on economic growth is optimistic and is increasing return to scale. However, it has the potential to contribute a 7% growth-share if capital investment is doubled beyond the present levels. (2) Output elasticity between renewable and nonrenewable energy factors is elastic and, on average, is estimated by 0.096 and 1.007. (3) Energy substitution is possible with an average of 0.852, which presents that Pakistan has the capability of moving from nonrenewable energy to renewable energy. (4) Two investment scenarios show significant results and suggest that nonrenewable energy substitution for renewable energy has the potential to lessen CO2 emissions without reducing the economy. Finally, energy substitution is possible from technical perspectives and inputs show strong convergence differences in technical progress. Comprehensive capital growth, technological progress, and low-carbon technological efforts can be a better fit for attaining carbon-reduction and sustainable economic growth.

Since Bangladesh’s independence in 1971, the country has undergone a notable economic transformation, transitioning from one of the world's poorest nations to one of the fastest-growing economies. Despite the country's positive performance in development metrics like the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the external macroeconomic shocks stemming from the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have been detrimental to the nation's financial vulnerabilities. In the face of the challenges posed by the pandemic in 2020, Bangladesh managed to achieve a positive growth rate of 3.4 percent, out-performing many developing countries and garnering accolades for the ruling dispensation.