In April and May 2019, over 600 million Indian citizens cast their ballots in the largest democratic exercise in human history. India’s national elections brought a landslide victory for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while dealing another embarrassing blow to the once-dominant Congress Party. During Prime Minister Modi’s first term in office, defense and strategic ties with the U.S. reached new heights and crossed several key milestones. However, new challenges threaten to stall momentum in the relationship, including the Trump Administration’s decision to impose tariffs on Indian exports and revoke tariff-free access to certain Indian goods; new U.S. sanctions targeting Russian defense exports and Iranian oil exports; differences over new Indian policies governing e-commerce and data localization; and the specter of an expansive U.S. Section 301 investigation that could exacerbate existing trade tensions and threaten progress on strategic convergence. Prime Minister Modi’s return to office should herald a bright future for Indo–U.S. relations—if the two sides can manage the trade and sanctions disputes facing them.