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The Mexican political fracture and the 1954 coup in Guatemala (The beginnings of the cold war in Latin America)

과테말라 국외연구자료 기타 Loaeza Soledad Culture & History Digital Journal 발간일 : 2015-07-15 등록일 : 2016-07-15 원문링크

This article challenges two general assumptions that have guided the study of Mexican foreign policy in the last four decades. First, that from this policy emerges national consensus; and, secondly that between Mexico and the US there is a “special relation” thanks to which Mexico has been able to develop an autonomous foreign policy. The two assumptions are discussed in light of the impact on Mexican domestic politics of the 1954 USsponsored military <em>coup</em> against the government of government of Guatemala. In Mexico, the US intervention reopened a political fracture that had first appeared in the 1930’s, as a result of President Cárdenas’radical policies that divided Mexican society. These divisions were barely dissimulated by the nationalist doctrine adopted by the government. The Guatemalan Crisis brought some of them into the open. The Mexican President, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines’ priority was the preservation of political stability. He feared the US government might feel the need to intervene in Mexico to prevent a serious disruption of the <em>status quo</em>. Thus, Ruiz Cortines found himself in a delicate position in which he had to solve the conflicts derived from a divided elite and a fractured society, all this under the pressure of US’ expectations regarding a secure southern border.<br><br>Este artículo ofrece una discusión crítica de dos presupuestos generales que han orientado el estudio de la política exterior mexicana en las últimas cuatro décadas. Primero, que la política exterior es forjadora de un consenso nacional; y segundo, que entre México y Estados Unidos existe una relación especial que le ha permitido a México desarrollar una política exterior independiente. Ambos presupuestos se analizan a la luz del impacto del golpe militar que patrocinó el gobierno de Estados Unidos contra el gobierno de Guatemala en 1954. En México, la intervención de Estados Unidos en Guatemala provocó la reapertura de una fractura política que había surgido durante el gobierno radical de Lázaro Cárdenas, y que la doctrina nacionalista disimulaba. La crisis guatemalteca la reanimó y promovió movilizaciones que a ojos del Presidente Ruiz Cortines, comprometían la estabilidad política y abrían la puerta a la intervención de Estados Unidos, que consideraba crucial la estabilidad de su frontera sur. Ruiz Cortines estaba en una situación muy delicada, porque tenía que resolver los conflictos de una sociedad fracturada y de una elite dividida, bajo la presión de las demandas de estabilidad de Washington.

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